How is copper mined?

Copper is typically mined using one of two methods: open-pit mining or underground mining.

In open-pit mining, large amounts of earth and rock are removed to expose the ore body. The ore is then drilled and blasted, and the copper-bearing rock is extracted through a series of haul roads, benches, and ramps.

In underground mining, tunnels or shafts are dug into the earth to access the copper ore. The ore is then drilled, blasted, and transported to the surface through a system of shafts and tunnels.

The extracted copper ore is crushed and ground into a fine powder, which is then treated with chemicals to separate the copper metals from the other minerals and contaminants. This process is called froth flotation.

After the copper has been separated from the other materials, it is further processed to remove impurities and increase the copper content to a pure copper metal form. The pure copper is then shaped into various forms, such as wire or sheet, and used in a wide range of products.